Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42539131›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Germinal center-independent memory B cells provide rapid protection from lethal influenza challenges.

Elif Çakan, Faez Amokrane Nait Mohamed, Anson Hui, Essi C Logan, Nicole Ingram, Caroline A Alexander, Jack Smerczynski, Chinmay Varma Gadiraju, Emma Barnes, Daniel A Mounier and 3 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Elif ÇakanRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Faez Amokrane Nait MohamedRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Anson HuiRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Essi C LoganRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nicole IngramRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Caroline A AlexanderRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Jack SmerczynskiRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Chinmay Varma GadirajuRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Emma BarnesRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Daniel A MounierRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Bruce D WalkerRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Daniel LingwoodRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5631-9238
Shiv PillaiRagon Institute of Mass General Brigham, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Funding

Identification of neutralizing epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike for design of vaccines and small-molecule antiviralsUM1AI144462 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI BURTON, DENNIS R. · 2019 to 2025
$201.6M
The impact of HIV viral diversity and cellular immunity on HIV pathogenesisP30AI060354 · NIAID · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI ARTHUR Y KIM · 2004 to 2026
$94.4M
The importance of the IgG4 glycome in IgG4-related disease(s)U19AI110495 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI SHIV Subramaniam PILLAI · 2014 to 2026
$7.9M
Systemic coordination of pro-inflammatory immune reactions through dendritic cell-restricted sIL6R biogenesisR01AI155447 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI LINGWOOD, DANIEL · 2021 to 2025
$2.0M
Targeting T cell Subsets in Autoimmune DiseaseUM1AI144295 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI John H Stone · 2019 to 2026
$1.4M
Sex differences in a cytokine controlling antibody class switch recombinationR21AI193280 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI LINGWOOD, DANIEL · 2025 to 2025
$439k
NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI060354NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI155447NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI193280NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI110495NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144295NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144462
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Memory B cell recall responses are crucial for rapid protection from pathogens expressing previously encountered antigens. While germinal centers (GCs) contribute to durable B cell memory in many contexts, GC formation is attenuated or completely abrogated during some severe infections. Whether GC-independent responses generate functional memory B cells that may contribute to protective immunity remains unclear. Using mice lacking GCs, we identified a durable class-switched GC-independent memory B cell population that was generated dominantly through a T-cell-dependent response. Vaccine-induced non-GC memory B cells demonstrated greater diversity and provided humoral protection from matched and diverse vaccine-unmatched influenza viral challenges. These results identify a unique, durable, diverse, GC-independent memory B cell population that can mediate rapid protection from severe infections by mutable pathogens.

Identifiers

PMID42539131
PMCPMC13419725

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.