Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42539064›Full record

ArticleResearch square2026

Ketamine persists within neuronal compartments long after systemic clearance.

Joseph Cichon, Kallol Bera, Zachary Blumenfeld, Elaine Lin, Meah Ahmed, Eve Fine, Md Nadim Hossain, Andrey Andreev, Altyn Rymbek, Peter Fenton and 9 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Joseph CichonUniversity of Pennsylvania.ORCID 0000-0003-4318-9707
Kallol BeraUniversity of California, San Diego.
Zachary BlumenfeldUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Elaine LinCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Meah AhmedUniversity of Pennsylvania.
Eve FineCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Md Nadim HossainUniversity of California, San Diego.
Andrey AndreevCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Altyn RymbekCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Peter FentonUniversity of California, San Diego.
Helena AmbrosinoCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Sara ZimmermanUniversity of California, San Diego.
Jacqueline MorrisUniversity of California, San Diego.
Aalok VarmaUniversity of California, San Diego.
Bruce CohenCalifornia Institute of Technology.
Dennis DoughertyCalifornia Institute of Technology.
David ProberCalifornia Institute of Technology.ORCID 0000-0002-7371-4675
Henry LesterCalifornia Institute of Technology.ORCID 0000-0002-5470-5255
Loren LoogerUniversity of California, San Diego.

Funding

Fluorescent biosensors for subcellular pharmacokineticsR01GM123582 · NIGMS · CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI LESTER, HENRY A. · 2016 to 2021
$3.8M
Fluorescent biosensors for imaging neurotransmitters: observing synapses in actioDP2MH107056 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI TIAN, LIN · 2014 to 2014
$2.3M
Cellular and circuit mechanisms of the therapeutic action of inhaled nitrous oxide in rodent models of chronic stressR35GM151160 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI JOSEPH CICHON · 2023 to 2026
$1.7M
Genetically encoded sensors for the biogenic amine: watching neuromodulation in actionU01NS090604 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI TIAN, LIN · 2014 to 2016
$1.3M
Ketamine-Class Antidepressants in VesiclesR21MH120823 · NIMH · CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI LESTER, HENRY A. · 2019 to 2020
$452k
Molecular dissection of acute and chronic menthol interactionsF31DA046122 · NIDA · CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI GRANT, STEPHEN NICHOLAS · 2019 to 2021
$119k
NIDA NIH HHS F31 DA046122NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM123582NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM151160NIMH NIH HHS DP2 MH107056NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH120823NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS090604
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ketamine produces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects after a single dose. Plasma membrane NMDA receptors are the presumptive primary molecular targets, yet how ketamine distributes, localizes, and engages neurons across cellular and subcellular compartments remains largely unknown. Ketamine, a lipophilic weak base, is thought to accumulate within acidic intracellular compartments, suggesting potential unrecognized sites of action. We developed a toolbox of genetically encoded intensity-based ketamine-sensing fluorescent reporters (iKetSnFRs) that specifically and robustly report R- or S-ketamine with cellular and subcellular resolution

Identifiers

PMID42539064
PMCPMC13419588

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.