Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42538855›Full record

ArticlePaediatric anaesthesia2026

Evaluating the Impact of Clonidine and Midazolam Premedication on Emergence Delirium in Pediatric Patients.

Anne Louise de Barros Garioud, Anwen Taplin, Yufei Shang, R Nazim Khan, David Sommerfield, Neil Hauser, Aine Sommerfield, Britta S von Ungern-Sternberg

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In one paragraph

Article in Paediatric anaesthesia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Anne Louise de Barros GarioudDepartment of Anesthesiology, Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-9946
Anwen TaplinDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7801-0347
Yufei ShangDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6315-0225
R Nazim KhanPerioperative Medicine Team, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-5006
David SommerfieldDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-1315
Neil HauserDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8868-0690
Aine SommerfieldDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8418-5572
Britta S von Ungern-SternbergDepartment of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8043-8541

Funding

A.P. Møller Fonden for Lægevidenskabens FremmeAustralian and New Zealand College of AnaesthetistsChristian og Ottilia Brorsons Rejselegater, Familien Hede Nielsens FondDet Lægevidenskabelige Fakultets FondNational Health and Medical Research Council 2009322Perth Children's Hospital FoundationReinholdt W. Jorck og Hustrus FondRigshospitalet Research GrantsSociety of Paediatric Anaesthetists of New Zealand and AustraliaStan Perron Charitable Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPreoperative anxiety is common in children and is associated with emergence delirium-a distressing postoperative complication characterized by agitation and disorientation. Midazolam has long been the drug of choice for preoperative anxiolysis. More recently, α

methodsWe performed a post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data pooled from 10 clinical studies, comprising data from 4796 general anesthetics in children (0-16 years). The studies were carried out at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Perth, Australia. We assessed the impact of premedication with clonidine or midazolam on the incidence of emergence delirium using validated scales.

resultsIn this cohort, with a mean age of 6.8 (range: 0.03-16.97), 331 children received clonidine and 731 received midazolam. Overall, the incidence of emergence delirium was 6%. Primary propensity score-matched analyses found no significant association between clonidine (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.65-2.16) or midazolam (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.79-1.92) and emergence delirium. In our secondary adjusted logistic regression models, midazolam was associated with increased odds of emergence delirium, whereas clonidine showed no statistically significant association overall.

conclusionsThe overall incidence of emergence delirium was low. While clonidine showed no statistically significant association with emergence delirium, our secondary multivariate analysis suggests midazolam might be associated with an increased risk of emergence delirium.

Indexed as

Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AgonistsClonidineEmergence DeliriumHypnotics and SedativesMidazolamPreanesthetic MedicationPremedicationAdolescentAnesthesia, GeneralChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornAdrenergic alpha-2 Receptor AgonistsClonidineHypnotics and SedativesMidazolamanesthesiachildrenclonidineemergence deliriummidazolampremedication

Identifiers

PMID42538855
PMCPMC13551259

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.