Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42538340›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

A game-theoretic attack-defense framework for the study of network resilience.

Kaiwen Zhao, Jianxi Gao, Qi Su

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Kaiwen Zhao *School of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Jianxi Gao *Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3952-208X
Qi SuSchool of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. qisu@sjtu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6490-686X

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) No. 24Z990200677, No. 24Z990200677
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The rapid evolution of communication technologies and the Internet of Things has enhanced system interconnectivity, allowing localized disruptions to cascade into failures. Many such breakdowns are not purely accidental but emerge from intentional countermeasures that influence one another during disruptions. Capturing this interplay requires a framework describing how strategic behaviors coevolve and collectively determine the resilience of complex networks. Here we develop a game-theoretic framework that captures the coevolution of attacks and defenses through repeated interactions on a networked system. Attackers and defenders update strategies based on past outcomes, generating adaptive dynamics that link network structure with strategic behavior. We examine strategic unilateral control of payoffs and uncover a heterogeneity-dependent asymmetry: attackers dominate on heterogeneous networks, whereas defenders prevail on homogeneous ones. Remarkably, optimal attacker strategies converge on the network's percolation threshold, as confirmed across synthetic and empirical networks. Our results reveal how topology governs strategic coevolution and emergent resilience.

Identifiers

PMID42538340
PMCPMC13427723

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.