Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42538125›Full record

ArticleClinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery2026

Modifiable Risk Factors and Hearing Loss: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2020.

Yulu Zheng, Tingting Li, Zhiyuan Wu, Yahong Zhu, Zheng Guo, Xingang Li

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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yulu ZhengCentre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9639-8863
Tingting LiMedical Research Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0461-0024
Zhiyuan WuCentre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5694-2441
Yahong ZhuSchool of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8320-0417
Zheng GuoCentre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2105-4537
Xingang LiNutrition and Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-154X

Funding

Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) ScholarshipECU Stan Perron Foundation Top Up ScholarshipWestern Australian Future Health Research and Innovation (FHRI) Fund WANMA IG 2025-26 Program
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo explore the associations between major modifiable risk factors and hearing loss.

methodsThis serial cross-sectional study was conducted within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2020 in the United States. Associations were assessed using modified Poisson regression and within-sample population attributable fraction (PAF).

resultsEight thousand seven hundred and seventy adults aged 40-85 years were included in the analyses, the mean (SD) age was 58.0 (11.7) years, with 4002 men (45.6%). Hearing loss was associated with low educational attainment with prevalence ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval (1.15, 1.31); low income 1.11 (1.04, 1.19); diabetes 1.10 (1.03, 1.18); HDL-C dyslipidaemia 1.13 (1.06, 1.21); obesity 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) and tobacco use 1.11 (1.04, 1.19). Within our analysis, over 25% of hearing loss cases were attributed to modifiable risk factors, with low education or income, HDL-C dyslipidaemia, obesity and tobacco use being the leading contributors, though relative rankings varied slightly in survey-weighted analyses.

conclusionHearing promotion policies should prioritise related modifiable factors to reduce the burden of hearing loss.

Indexed as

Hearing LossAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCross-Sectional StudiesDyslipidemiasFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysObesityPrevalenceRisk FactorsUnited Stateshearing lossmodifiable risk factorspopulation attributable fractionprevalence ratio

Identifiers

PMID42538125
PMCPMC13631807

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.