ArticlePoultry science2026
Mitochondria-targeted SkQ1 supplementation enhances post-thaw quality, cryosurvival, and functional competence of rooster spermatozoa.
Article in Poultry science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of different concentrations of SkQ1, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, on the post-thaw quality of rooster spermatozoa. Pooled semen samples were diluted in a Lake-based freezing extender containing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 nM SkQ1 and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, sperm motility and kinematic parameters, plasma membrane integrity, abnormal morphology, mitochondrial activity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, viability, apoptosis-like changes, dead sperm percentage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and antioxidant indices were assessed. SkQ1 supplementation significantly affected most post-thaw sperm quality parameters. The greatest protection was observed at 25 nM, which resulted in the highest total motility (68.75 ± 1.37 %), progressive motility (31.64 ± 1.92 %), membrane integrity (65.60 ± 1.87 %), mitochondrial activity (66.89 ± 1.90 %), ATP content (115.80 ± 2.27 pmol/10⁶ sperm), and viability (60.60 ± 1.16 %). This concentration also produced the lowest abnormal morphology (12.20 ± 0.51 %), apoptotic spermatozoa (11.10 ± 1.32 %), and ROS production (1.83 ± 0.11 × 10³ cpm/10⁶ sperm). Moreover, 25 nM SkQ1 enhanced antioxidant defense, as indicated by increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC; 2.46 ± 0.08 mmol/L), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 133.09 ± 5.64 U/mg), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX; 69.08 ± 2.46 U/mg). The 50 nM treatment had moderate beneficial effects, whereas 100 nM was generally less effective. These findings indicate that SkQ1 improves cryosurvival of rooster spermatozoa primarily through mitochondrial protection, redox regulation, and preservation of cellular energy status. Therefore, 25 nM SkQ1 appears to be the most effective concentration for improving the functional competence of frozen-thawed rooster spermatozoa.
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