Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42536690›Full record

ArticlePloS one2026

Schisandrins as novel efflux pumps inhibitors and non-antibiotic compounds against multi- and extensively-drug resistant clinical strains of Salmonella typhi: An in-vitro study.

Iqra Shafique, Nosheen Fatima Rana, Naseer Ahmad, Tahreem Tanweer, Sabah Javaid, Fawzyah Obeedallah Albaldi, Serag Eldin I Elbehairi, Ali A Shati, Huda M Sheikh, Farid Menaa

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Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Iqra ShafiqueDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Nosheen Fatima RanaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3855-0468
Naseer AhmadExcel Labs - Blue Area -, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Tahreem TanweerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Sabah JavaidDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Science Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Fawzyah Obeedallah AlbaldiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq, Saudi Arabia.
Serag Eldin I ElbehairiFaculty of Science, Biology Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
Ali A ShatiFaculty of Science, Biology Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1800-7238
Huda M SheikhDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Farid MenaaDepartment of Biomedical and Bioenvironmental Engineering (BEE), California Innovations Corporation (CIC), San Diego, California, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-7322

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTyphoid is a significant global health challenge due to its high pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance. Salmonella typhi (S.typhi) can switch its lifestyles between biofilm and planktonic phase which allows it to evade host defenses and develop resistance to antibiotics. Salmonella sp. harbors multiple genes encoding efflux-pumps systems whose up-regulation contributes to multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug-resistance (XDR). To overcome the battle against resistant S. typhi strains, novel non-antibiotics inhibitors are required for inhibitory application. This study assesses the inhibitory effect of lignans against drug resistance of S. typhi.

methodsClinical resistant and sensitive strains of S. typhi were obtained and characterized. The inhibitory effect of lignans, specifically Schisandrin A and B, purified from the plant Schisandra chinensis, are found to be effective non-antibiotic inhibitors were evaluated through standard microbiological techniques like growth curve and time-kill assays. Impact on bacterial morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our study explores two approaches, such as efflux pumps (EPs) inhibition and antibiofilm assays.

resultsUsing colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, growth curve analysis, and SEM imaging, we observed significant bacteriostatic effects, with Schisandrin B causing notable membrane disruption. Schisandrin B also showed remarkable biofilm inhibition (90.33%) and strong efflux pumps inhibition.

conclusionThis study offers a strong basis for future research on addressing antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant pathogens.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsCyclooctanesDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialLignansPolycyclic CompoundsSalmonella typhiBiofilmsHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsAnti-Bacterial AgentsCyclooctanesLignansPolycyclic Compoundsschizandrin Aschizandrin B

Identifiers

PMID42536690
PMCPMC13426931

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.