ArticleJAACAP open2026
Effortful Control but Not Negative Affectivity Predicts Intensity of Restricted Repetitive Behaviors in Toddlers With Neurodevelopmental Conditions.
Article in JAACAP open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Objective: Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are prevalent across neurodevelopmental conditions. It has been hypothesized that greater severity of RRBs reflects elevated distress or diminished regulatory capacity. To test these hypotheses, prospective associations between early negative affectivity (NA) and effortful control (EC) and later RRB severity were examined in a transdiagnostic sample of toddlers with and without autism. Method: Participants were 238 toddlers with neurodevelopmental conditions (autism: n = 165; non-autism: n = 73). NA and EC were assessed at time 1 (T1) (mean [SD] age =24.4 [5.2] months) using the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire or Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. At time 2 (T2) (mean [SD] age = 42.2 [7.3] months), severity of RRBs was assessed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Multivariate regression models tested whether T1 NA and EC predicted time 2 RRBs, controlling for age, sex, nonverbal developmental quotient, T1 RRBs, and visit year. Results: Higher EC at T1 predicted lower ADI-R RRB scores at T2 ( Conclusion: Regulatory and affective traits show differential longitudinal associations with RRBs, highlighting a potential role for EC in their emergence or maintenance. Interpretation of null findings for NA is limited by unmeasured early environmental influences on the development of anxiety. Diversity & Inclusion Statement: We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.