ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Spending and Affordability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Other Incretin Mimetics in the United States, 2013-2023.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are increasingly used for glycemic control, chronic weight management, and cardiovascular risk reduction. There is growing interest in understanding GLP-1 spending and affordability patterns.
objectiveTo evaluate national trends in total and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on GLP-1 s and other incretin mimetics.
designCross-sectional study.
participantsU.S. adults (aged ≥ 18 years) in the 2013-2023 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). MAIN MEASURES: We included four measures: (1) total annual GLP-1 spending; (2) median annual GLP-1 OOP spending per individual; (3) OOP burden, defined as an individual's annual GLP-1 OOP spending as a share of their household income; and (4) high OOP burden, defined as the proportion of GLP-1 users with OOP burden ≥ 10%. KEY
resultsThe analytic sample comprised 2,797 survey respondents, representing 33 million adults nationally; approximately 99% of these respondents were identified directly from medication names and the other 1% was identified using the MEPS code for other GLP-1 s/other incretin mimetics. Total GLP-1 spending increased nearly 15-fold, from $4.4 billion in 2013 to $64.9 billion in 2023, reflecting an average annual percentage change of 31.02% (95% CI, 27.6%-34.5%; P < .001). Median annual per-capita OOP spending was $1,528 and highest among privately insured patients and high-income adults. Mean OOP burden was 7.04% and highest among uninsured, publicly insured, and low-income adults. On average, nearly one in five (18.18%) GLP-1 users experienced high OOP burden, which was also highest among uninsured, publicly insured, and low-income adults.
conclusionsSpending on GLP-1 s and other incretin mimetics rose substantially over time, emphasizing the need to ensure the affordability of these key therapies, particularly among uninsured and lower-income populations.
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