ArticleVeterinary medicine international2026
Prevalence of Unregistered, Substandard, and Falsified Veterinary Antimicrobials in Ethiopia: A National Postmarket Quality Surveillance Study.
Article in Veterinary medicine international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Prevalence of Unregistered, Substandard, and Falsified Veterinary Antimicrobials in Ethiopia: A National Postmarket Quality Surveillance Study.Veterinary medicine international · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The proliferation of unregistered, substandard, and falsified (SF) veterinary pharmaceuticals represents a critical global threat to animal health, food security, and environmental conservation. In sub-Saharan Africa, these products exacerbate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), potentially accelerating the transition toward a "post-antibiotic" era. Despite Ethiopia's relatively developed regulatory framework compared to neighboring states, vulnerabilities such as inadequate diagnostic facilities, porous supply chains, and limited postmarketing surveillance results in enforcement persist. Objective: This descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence and quality profile of selected veterinary antimicrobials, including antibacterials, anthelmintics, and antiprotozoals, circulating in the Ethiopian market. Methods: Postmarket quality surveillance (PMS) study was conducted across five administrative regions. A total of 142 samples were collected and evaluated through three distinct regulatory tiers: verification of Ethiopian Agricultural Authority (EAA) registration status, standardized visual/physical screening, and official pharmacopeial (compendial) laboratory testing. Results: The majority of sampled products (95.7%) were imported, predominantly from China (75.7%) and India (15.0%). Primary sampling sites included veterinary retail outlets (50.7%) and clinics (22.9%). Regulatory analysis revealed that 17.9% ( Conclusions: Unregistered and substandard veterinary medicines are circulating in the Ethiopian supply chain, posing severe risks to animal health and contributing to the regional AMR crisis. These findings necessitate urgent, concerted efforts from stakeholders to strengthen the national regulatory system, enhance EAA laboratory capacity, and secure the pharmaceutical supply chain through targeted postmarketing enforcement.
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