ArticleChemical & biomedical imaging2026
Linking Adjuvant Immune Stimulation to Spatiotemporal Dynamics via Cross-Scale Photoacoustic Microscopy.
Article in Chemical & biomedical imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adjuvants can stimulate the innate immune system independently of vaccine antigens. Elucidating their spatiotemporal distribution across biological scales and correlating this distribution with immune activation are of considerable significance. A cross-scale photoacoustic/fluorescence dual-modality imaging system was developed to enable dynamic tracking of the adjuvant from the cellular to the organismal level. Single-cell imaging results revealed that macrophages exhibited differential activation after the uptake of different adjuvants. Notably, high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) revealed size-dependent differences in the intravascular kinetics of adjuvant in zebrafish tail veins as well as their accumulation and clearance during circulation. In a tail amputation-induced inflammation model, fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides elicited a 5-fold enhancement in immune cell recruitment efficiency compared to controls, while nano/micron aluminum adjuvants induced 2-fold and 1.5-fold increases, respectively. The dual-modality photoacoustic/fluorescence system quantitatively established that these immune outcomes directly originate from the spatiotemporal dynamics of the adjuvant. By bridging single-cell phagocytic behavior with systemic biodistribution, this study deciphered a causal mechanism. The activation of the immune system by adjuvants results from the synergistic interaction of their chemical compositions and spatiotemporal distribution. This imaging-driven framework offers quantitative design principles for precision vaccine adjuvants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.