ReviewCureus2026
Animated Biofeedback for Pediatric Functional Voiding Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Postvoid Residual Outcomes.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Animated or gamified biofeedback has been introduced to improve engagement during pelvic floor retraining in children with functional voiding dysfunction. However, its incremental clinical benefit beyond standard urotherapy or conventional biofeedback remains uncertain. This systematic review aimed to synthesize available evidence on animated or gamified biofeedback for pediatric nonneurogenic functional voiding dysfunction, with exploratory quantitative analysis of postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume. A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidance. Comparative studies evaluating animated or gamified biofeedback in children with dysfunctional voiding, dysfunctional elimination syndrome, or nonneuropathic underactive bladder were included. PVR urine volume was pooled using a random-effects model when extractable data were available. Other outcomes were summarized narratively. Three comparative studies involving 170 children were included. Two studies compared animated biofeedback plus standard urotherapy with urotherapy alone, whereas one compared animated with nonanimated biofeedback. Exploratory meta-analysis showed no statistically significant reduction in PVR urine volume with animated or gamified biofeedback compared with control regimens (MD, -6.83 mL; 95% CI, -29.27 to 15.62; p = 0.55), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 89%). Narrative findings suggested more favorable outcomes when biofeedback was added to urotherapy, but the direct comparison did not demonstrate clear superiority of animation over conventional biofeedback. The available evidence is limited by small sample size, heterogeneous diagnoses, inconsistent comparator structures, and imprecision. The pooled estimate should therefore be interpreted as exploratory rather than confirmatory. Current evidence is insufficient to confirm that animation or gamification provides additional therapeutic benefit beyond conventional biofeedback. Larger standardized comparative studies are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.