ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
M13 phage-based antigen presentation and immune response activation in vaccine development for animal infectious diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phage display technology has emerged as a versatile platform for vaccine development by integrating antigen presentation with intrinsic immunostimulatory properties. Among the available phage systems, the filamentous bacteriophage M13 has attracted considerable attention because of its structural versatility, genetic programmability, and capacity for diverse antigen display strategies. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of M13-based vaccines to induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses against a broad spectrum of animal viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. This review critically summarizes current advances in M13 phage-based vaccine development, with particular emphasis on structural characteristics, antigen display strategies, immune mechanisms, and representative veterinary applications. In addition, we discuss key challenges associated with commercial translation, including scalable manufacturing, quality control, formulation stability, and future development. By integrating recent progress with remaining challenges, this review provides an updated perspective on the rational design and translational development of next-generation M13 phage-based veterinary vaccines.
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Registered trials
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