ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Measuring cognitive engagement in physical education: scale development and validation.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Cognitive engagement in physical education is an important factor that reflects the quality of physical education teaching and influences students' learning outcomes. Effectively assessing students' cognitive engagement in physical education is valuable for classroom evaluation and instructional intervention. However, existing instruments for measuring cognitive engagement in physical education remain limited in contextual specificity, measurement accuracy, and practical applicability. Based on the ICAP framework, this study aimed to develop and validate the Cognitive Engagement in Physical Education Scale (CEPE) for Chinese middle school students. Methods: The scale was initially developed based on a literature review and classroom observations. A full reliability and validity test was conducted with 855 middle school students in Jinan, China. Results: The final CEPE consisted of 14 items across four dimensions: observation and execution, cognitive processing, self-regulation, and collaborative innovation. The four-factor model showed acceptable fit to the data: χ Conclusion: The CEPE developed in this study based on the ICAP framework showed acceptable reliability and validity. It may provide a useful measurement tool for assessing students' cognitive engagement in physical education.
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