High perceived energy: exploring distinct patterns of energetic and cognitive functioning in older adults.

Background: A hyperthymic temperament and high perceived energy are often framed as positive dispositional traits, particularly in later life. Indeed, these characteristics are generally associated with a greater tendency to preserve autonomy and with more favorable outcomes in terms of health, engagement, and participation in community life-key dimensions of successful aging. However, the relationship between elevated perceived energy and cognitive performance in older adults remains insufficiently explored. Therefore, this exploratory study aimed to compare cognitive performance and well-being in older adults with different self-reported levels of subjective energy, and to explore potential phenotypic heterogeneity within this population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on older adults from the general population. Participants were classified as having higher versus lower levels of perceived energy based on item 10 of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R). Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), biological and behavioral rhythm regulation with the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN), and quality of life with the SF-12 were also evaluated to characterize overall well-being. Results: Statistically significant difference emerged in global cognitive performance between individuals with higher versus lower perceived energy (ES ACE-R p=0.012). Although subscale scores were within the normative range in both groups, individuals with higher perceived energy consistently showed significantly lower scores in language (p = 0.011) and attention/orientation (p = 0.049) compared to the lower perceived energy group. Interestingly, the higher perceived energy group also reported fewer depressive symptoms (p = 0.013), better social and behavioral rhythm regulation (p = 0.005), and higher quality of life (p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusions: Hyperenergy in older adults with preserved well-being is not associated with global cognitive impairment, but rather with subtle domain-specific performance variations, suggesting a heterogeneous underlying profile. These findings support a high-energy profile that does not appear to be associated with functional impairment, but is instead characterized by preserved or enhanced functioning and overall well-being, despite selective areas of lower performance. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify its clinical and cognitive implications.