ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Future time perspective and training procrastination in Chinese collegiate athletes: self-control mediation and the roles of mastery-approach and performance-avoidance goals.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the association between future time perspective (FTP) and training procrastination in Chinese collegiate athletes, with self-control as a mediator and mastery-approach (MAp) and performance-avoidance (PAv) goals as motivational boundary conditions. Methods: Participants were 1,674 collegiate athletes from 48 Chinese higher education institutions in 15 provincial-level regions. FTP was measured with the Future subscale of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, self-control with the Brief Self-Control Scale, MAp and PAv goals with selected subscales of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport, and training procrastination with a training-adapted Irrational Procrastination Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated measurement validity. Structural equation modeling tested the indirect pathway through self-control. Hierarchical regression and PROCESS Model 5 tested direct and separate moderation effects, and simultaneous-interaction regression entered both goal orientations and interactions as a robustness check. Results: FTP was negatively associated with training procrastination (β = -0.342, Conclusion: FTP was associated with lower training procrastination partly through self-control. MAp emerged as a robust motivational boundary condition, whereas the independent moderating role of PAv was less robust after accounting for MAp. Findings suggest that training procrastination is associated with athletes' future-oriented thinking, self-regulatory capacity, and motivational meaning attached to training. Results may inform coach education and athlete-support practices that connect daily training with future goals, support self-regulation, and encourage mastery-oriented feedback. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to clarify causal and developmental processes. These cross-sectional self-report findings do not establish causal relationships or directly assess broader sustainable athlete development outcomes.
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