Observational studyFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Improvement in insulin injection timing and glucometrics using a connected insulin cap: the
Observational study in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Matching insulin injection timing with meals to optimize postprandial glucose excursions is a daily challenge for individuals with diabetes on a multiple daily injection (MDI) regimen. We aimed to analyze the impact of using a connected insulin pen cap (CIPC) on insulin injection timing and glycemic control. Research design and methods: Pragmatic, real-life, multicenter, prospective, open-label, observational study, including one week of run-in and a 6-week follow-up, split into a two-week masked mode phase and a four-week active phase. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automatically tracked insulin injection data in individuals with insulin-treated diabetes (ITD) who started using the CIPC Insulclock. The baseline and five hours of paired CGM and rapid-acting insulin data collected from Results: Of 82 recruited patients, 52 completed the study (54.4 y, 56.6% women, 60.4% with type 1 diabetes [T1D]) across three hospitals and one primary care center in Spain. The CGM glucometrics comparison between the consecutive masked and active phases showed: Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) 8.1 + 1.7 vs 7.8 + 1.4% (-0.3%, p 0.034); Time in Range 70-180 (TIR): 56.9 + 24.5 vs 61.9 + 21.6% (+5.0%, p 0.0054); Time below range <70 (TBR70): 2.5 + 3.3 vs 1.76 + 2.6% (-0.74%, p 0.0015); Time above range >180 (TAR180): 40.9 + 25.3 vs 36.6 + 22.4% (-5.3%, p 0.016). The on-time insulin injections increased: 45.5 + 15.52 to 54.4 + 16.6% (p 0.0017). The timing of insulin injection relative to the post-meal glycemic excursions shifted from +5.6 min (IQR -19.8 to +34.0) in the masked phase (n = 231 events) to -5.9 min (IQR -27.6 to +33.9) in the active phase (n = 467 events) (p = 0.023). An earlier injection was associated with a reduction in TAR180 (p = 0.042). Questionnaires measuring patients' reported outcomes (PROs) indicated a reduction in perceived treatment burden with the use of the Conclusions: The use of
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.