The role of activity engagement, social connection, and masculinity norms in men's shed outcomes for male mental health: a narrative review.

Background/objectives: Men's Sheds are community-based, male-focused spaces that use shared practical activities to foster social connection and wellbeing, particularly among older and retired men at risk of social isolation. Despite growing policy interest across Australia, Ireland, Scotland, the United Kingdom, and Canada, the mechanisms by which Men's Sheds produce mental health benefits remain poorly theorized and inconsistently measured. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence on how three intersecting mechanisms activity engagement, social connection, and masculinity norms shape mental health outcomes in Men's Sheds, with attention to Canadian and international contexts. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted in May 2026 using Boolean search strings targeting Men's Shed literature combined with psychosocial outcome and mechanistic terms, yielding 44 combined results. After screening against inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 core Men's Shed studies were included, supplemented by contextual literature on male social isolation, masculinity norms, and Canadian men's mental health. The review was conducted in accordance with SANRA guidelines for narrative reviews. Results: Evidence from mixed-methods, qualitative, and emerging quantitative studies supports associations between Shed participation and reduced social isolation, improved mood, and enhanced wellbeing, particularly for men aged 50 and over. The most methodologically robust evidence comes from a path-model survey demonstrating that psychological safety predicts engagement, engagement predicts expanded social networks and meaning in life, and these in turn predict higher wellbeing and lower loneliness. Masculinity norms function as both a barrier to formal help-seeking and a facilitator of Shed engagement through alignment with masculine-coded activities and the 'health by stealth' model. Significant evidence gaps persist around Indigenous, racialized, immigrant, 2SLGBTQ+, and working-age men, and around direct empirical measurement of masculinity norm change over time. Conclusions: Men's Sheds are a promising, context-sensitive complement to formal mental health services. Future research should employ longitudinal designs, standardized outcome measures including the UCLA-3, WEMWBS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and CMNI-46, and apply established theoretical frameworks including Connell's hegemonic masculinity model and Addis and Mahalik's help-seeking framework to clarify how Sheds reproduce, renegotiate, or recompose masculine norms across diverse populations.