ArticleNursing open2026
Effectiveness of Extended Reality-Based Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for Healthcare Students: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Article in Nursing open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSudden cardiac arrest remains a major cause of global mortality, underscoring the importance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Extended reality (XR) technologies, including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, have recently emerged as innovative approaches to enhance simulation-based CPR education for nursing and healthcare students.
aimTo present the protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis intended to evaluate the effects of XR-based interventions on CPR training outcomes among healthcare students. DESIGN AND REPORTING
methodThe protocol was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) recommendations. DATA SOURCES: Electronic database searches will be performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Relevant studies will be searched through systematic database and reference screening. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies investigating XR-supported CPR training will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently conduct study screening and data extraction, with disagreements resolved through consultation with a third reviewer. Methodological quality will be evaluated using the Cochrane ROB 2 tool and the ROBINS-I assessment tool where appropriate. Findings will first be summarised narratively, while meta-analysis will be undertaken if sufficient methodological homogeneity among studies is observed. IMPLICATIONS AND IMPACT: Current evidence on XR-based CPR training has primarily focused on laypersons or practicing professionals, leaving evidence specific to nursing and other healthcare students limited. This review will try to systematically summarise and appraise available studies in this population, with particular attention to reported outcomes related to CPR competencies. The results may help identify evidence gaps and guide future research directions. If XR demonstrates potential advantages, this review may support educators in considering the role of XR technologies in CPR training programs. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No public or patient contribution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: This protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024528709).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.