ArticleAnimal bioscience2026
Enhancement of myogenic differentiation and myotube formation by stanozolol in porcine muscle satellite cells for cultured meat production.
Article in Animal bioscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveRecent studies on cultured meat have shown that muscle satellite cells can be induced to form muscle-like tissues through proliferation and myogenic differentiation. Optimizing these processes is essential for reproducing the structure and texture of conventional meat; yet, liming myogenic differentiation remains a major technical challenge. Stanozolol (STZ), a synthetic anabolic steroid derived from testosterone, is known to enhance muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy, but its effects on livestock-derived muscle cells for cultured meat production remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether STZ enhances myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in primary porcine muscle satellite cells (PMSCs).
methodsPMSCs were treated with STZ at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed to determine the non-cytotoxic concentration range. Myogenic differentiation was evaluated by measuring the expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and myostatin (MSTN). Myotube formation was analysed by immunofluorescence staining, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by examining phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Smad2/3, and forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) signaling.
resultsAt concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 μM, STZ showed neither cytotoxicity nor significant PMSC proliferation. In differentiation media, STZ significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of myogenic markers, including MyoD, MyoG, and MyHC, in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, 1 μM STZ promoted the formation of bigger multinucleated myotubes. In addition, STZ decreased MSTN expression, activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR hypertrophic signaling, and suppressed Smad2/3 phosphorylation and FoxO3a activity.
conclusionSTZ promoted myogenic differentiation and myotube formation in PMSCs by enhancing myogenic marker expression and modulating hypertrophy- and atrophy-associated signaling pathways. These findings suggest that STZ may serve as an effective culture medium supplement for improving PMSC differentiation in cultured meat production.
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