ArticleJournal of molecular histology2026
SOX9 knockdown alleviates Aβ1‑42‑induced neuroinflammation by regulating microglial polarization via inactivation of the ASK1/JNK signaling pathway.
Article in Journal of molecular histology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation driven by microglial polarization imbalance plays a key role in Aβ-induced neuronal injury, a core pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The transcription factor SOX9 has been linked to AD progression, but its mechanism remains unclear. SOX9 expression was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 24 patients with AD and 24 age-matched healthy controls and correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. An Aβ1-42-stimulated BV-2 cell model was used to investigate the effects of SOX9 and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) on microglial polarization. Neuronal injury was evaluated in a BV-2/SH-SY5Y co-culture system. The transcriptional regulation of ASK1 by SOX9 was examined using dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. ASK1 overexpression and the ASK1 inhibitor GS-4997 were used for mechanistic validation. SOX9 expression was increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AD and was negatively correlated with cognitive function. SOX9 was also upregulated in Aβ1-42-stimulated BV-2 cells. SOX9 overexpression enhanced M1-associated inflammatory markers and reduced M2-associated markers, whereas SOX9 knockdown produced the opposite effects. In the co-culture system, SOX9 knockdown increased SH-SY5Y cell viability, reduced LDH release and apoptosis, increased Bcl-2 expression, and decreased Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression. SOX9 bound to the ASK1 promoter and promoted ASK1 transcription. SOX9 silencing suppressed ASK1, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation, while ASK1 overexpression reversed the effects of SOX9 knockdown on microglial polarization and neuronal injury. Consistently, GS-4997 blocked the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects induced by SOX9 overexpression. SOX9 exacerbates AD neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M1 polarization via the ASK1/JNK signaling axis.
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