ArticleHealth science reports2026
Effectiveness, Safety, and Immunogenicity of a Second COVID-19 Vaccine Booster in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background/Aims: Older adults remain highly vulnerable to severe COVID-19 outcomes due to immunosenescence and comorbidities. Although booster vaccination strategies have reduced hospitalizations and mortality, evidence regarding the effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity of a second COVID-19 vaccine booster dose in older adults remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aims to critically evaluate the available evidence from randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials (NRCTs) regarding the effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity of the second COVID-19 vaccine booster in older adults worldwide. Methods: A systematic review of clinical trials will be conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS, without restrictions on publication date or language. Eligible studies will include randomized controlled trials and NRCTs involving older adults aged ≥ 60 years who received a second COVID-19 vaccine booster dose. Primary outcomes will include measures related to effectiveness, safety, and/or immunogenicity. Study selection will follow PRISMA-2020 guidelines. Risk of bias will be assessed using RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools, while certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE approach. Results: A narrative synthesis will be performed, and meta-analysis will be conducted whenever methodologically appropriate. Conclusion: This review will provide comprehensive evidence regarding second COVID-19 booster doses in older adults and may support evidence-based public health strategies and vaccination policies for high-risk populations. Trial Registration: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42025644411.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.