UAV remote sensing for yield prediction in staple crops: a review.

Accurate yield prediction for major grain and oilseed crops, including soybean, corn, wheat, and rice, is essential for food-security assessment and precision field management. This study presents a structured integrative review of UAV-based crop yield prediction and follows PRISMA-guided procedures for literature search, screening, and evidence synthesis. Seventy peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025 were synthesized within a "Data-Ground Truth-Model-Decision" framework. Beyond summarizing UAV platforms, sensor configurations, feature-engineering strategies, and model architectures, the review explicitly distinguishes among microplot, field, and regional prediction scales, and evaluates the characteristics and limitations of yield-label acquisition methods, including manual harvest, plot-combine harvest, and combine yield-monitor data. Existing evidence indicates that the reliability of UAV-based yield prediction depends not only on optimal image acquisition windows, multi-source feature fusion, and model architecture, but also on scale-consistent yield labels, spatially aware validation strategies, and clearly defined model outputs, such as plot-level scalar yield, field-scale yield maps, and regional yield estimates. Major bottlenecks include scale mismatch between UAV imagery and yield labels, error propagation during yield-map generation, limited cross-year and cross-region transferability, weak causal interpretability, and difficulties in deploying models under complex operational field conditions. Future research should emphasize scale-explicit benchmark datasets, quality-controlled ground-truth yield acquisition, UAV-satellite-ground data fusion, spatiotemporal deep learning, and edge-cloud collaborative systems that can translate prediction outputs into agronomic decisions. This review provides a practical pathway for developing robust, interpretable, and deployable UAV-based yield prediction systems for major grain and oilseed crops.