ArticleResearch square2026
Temporal sequencing of sensory impairments and frailty reveals vulnerability-dependent dementia risk.
Article in Research square, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although hearing and vision impairments are considered modifiable dementia risk factors, it remains unclear whether their associations reflect sensory-specific pathways or broader ageing-related vulnerability. Using harmonised data from the Health and Retirement Study (n=22,756) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n=12,921), we applied multi-state Markov models, time-varying Cox models and disaggregated population attributable fractions (PAFs) to test whether associations depend on their temporal sequence with frailty. Associations weakened after frailty adjustment (adjusted hazard ratios, aHRs, 1.17-1.80 [PAFs 3.4-9.2%] vs 1.08-1.56 [PAFs 1.5-6.6%]). Sensory impairments arising before frailty showed no independent association with incident dementia (aHRs 0.88-1.22 [PAFs -1.3 to 1.5%]), whereas those emerging with or after frailty were consistently associated (aHRs 1.31-2.28 [PAFs 3.4-6.4%]). Conventional estimates may over-attribute dementia burden to sensory impairments by neglecting their ageing context. Frailty-informed approaches may improve targeting and interpretation of sensory interventions for dementia risk reduction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.