Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42522044›Full record

ArticleBMC research notes2026

Occurrence of hepatitis A virus in Philippine cupped oysters (Magallana bilineata) and green mussels (Perna viridis) collected in the Philippines.

Abigail S Rustia, Leslie Michelle M Dalmacio, Erniel B Barrios, Patricia Mae M Lagazon, John Carlo G Gosilatar, Dennis D Tanay, Anne Marie M Matubis-Binuya, Christrhea N Udang, Minerva M Manaog, Roel Anthony S Bayangos and 2 more

Erratum issuedAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC research notes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Abigail S RustiaDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines. asrustia@up.edu.ph.
Leslie Michelle M DalmacioCollege of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, 1000, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Erniel B BarriosSchool of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
Patricia Mae M LagazonDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines.
John Carlo G GosilatarNational Fisheries Development Center, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Dagupan City, 2400, Pangasinan, Philippines.
Dennis D TanayNational Fisheries Development Center, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Dagupan City, 2400, Pangasinan, Philippines.
Anne Marie M Matubis-BinuyaMicrobiology Services Laboratory, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.
Christrhea N UdangMicrobiology Services Laboratory, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.
Minerva M ManaogMicrobiology Services Laboratory, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.
Roel Anthony S BayangosDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Denise Anne B Dela CruzDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines.
Crisanto M LopezMicrobiology Services Laboratory, Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines.

Funding

Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development 05340
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesHepatitis A virus (HAV) causes acute hepatitis through ingestion of contaminated food and water, with bivalve molluscs as common vehicles of transmission. As filter feeders, HAV concentrates in their digestive tissues when grown in contaminated waters. In 2020, the Philippines produced nearly 75 MT of shellfish. However, maintaining proper sanitation in growing areas remains challenging, and data on the occurrence of HAV in these commercially significant shellfish is lacking. This study aimed to detect HAV in Philippine cupped oysters (Magallana bilineata), green mussels (Perna viridis), and seawater from their growing areas. Samples were collected in Pangasinan (August 2022), Cavite (April 2023), and Capiz (June 2023), and HAV detection was conducted using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

resultsHAV RNA was not detected in the shellfish and seawater samples, consistent with zero reported cases of Hepatitis A during the collection periods. However, a disparity was noted between these findings and potential sewage run-off linked to net positive rainfall. The Department of Health reported 111 and 127 Hepatitis A cases nationwide in 2022 and 2023, respectively, indicating that HAV remains endemic. Identifying sources, transmission modes, and environmental factors is crucial for integrating HAV risks into the food safety risk assessment framework.

Indexed as

Hepatitis A virusOstreidaePernaShellfishAnimalsPhilippinesRNA, ViralSeawaterRNA, ViralGreen musselsHAVHepatitis a virusMagallana bilineataOysterPerna viridisPhilippines

Identifiers

PMID42522044
PMCPMC13418450

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.