Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42521672›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Nonlinear reversal of photoexcitation on the attosecond time scale improves ultrafast X-ray diffraction images.

Anatoli Ulmer, Phay J Ho, Bruno Langbehn, Stephan Kuschel, Linos Hecht, Razib Obaid, Simon Dold, Taran Driver, Joseph Duris, Ming-Fu Lin and 21 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors.

Anatoli UlmerCFEL, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. anatoli.ulmer@physik.tu-berlin.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-3063
Phay J HoArgonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-2180
Bruno LangbehnInstitute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-8169
Stephan KuschelCFEL, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5159-525X
Linos HechtETH Zurich, Laboratory of Solid State Physics, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-1218
Razib ObaidSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Simon DoldEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-8251
Taran DriverSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3761-6883
Joseph DurisSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9930-1166
Ming-Fu LinSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8086-2484
David CesarSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-1854
Paris FranzSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Zhaoheng GuoSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-8804
Philip A HartSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Andrei KamalovSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Kirk A LarsenSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-260X
Xiang LiSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-4123
Michael MeyerEuropean XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1444-6770
Kazutaka NakaharaSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Robert G RadloffCFEL, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
River RoblesSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7152-4675
Lara RönnebeckCFEL, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Nick SudarSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
Adam M SummersSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-4969
Linda YoungArgonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2251-039X
Peter WalterSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-1154
James P CryanSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-0919
Christoph BostedtPSI, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
Daniela RuppETH Zurich, Laboratory of Solid State Physics, Zurich, Switzerland.
Agostino MarinelliSLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-4652
Tais GorkhoverCFEL, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. tais.gorkhover@cfel.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-8804-1186

Funding

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) 390715994EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) 101040547
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The complex refractive index of a material governs its light-matter interactions, with intense light fields enabling tailored nonlinear optical responses. In the X-ray regime, rapid photoionization limits the potential of nonlinear techniques by inducing irreversible electronic damage. Here we demonstrate that intense, sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses, shorter than typical Auger decay times, can partially reverse photoexcitation via stimulated emission near atomic resonances. By analyzing thousands of coherent diffraction patterns and ion spectra from neon nanoparticles exposed to sub-fs and 15-fs pulses, we observe enhanced X-ray diffraction alongside reduced energy absorption for sub-fs pulses. Theoretical modeling attributes this to dynamics akin to Rabi flopping that prolong the lifetime of resonant states and suppress electronic bleaching. These findings suggest that ultrashort, intense X-ray pulses enable active control of X-ray refractive index and damage pathways, opening avenues for improved high-resolution imaging and nonlinear spectroscopy in complex nanoscale systems.

Identifiers

PMID42521672
PMCPMC13415538

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.