ArticlePoultry science2026
Research note: In-vitro immunomodulatory and anti-Clostridium perfringens properties of the monoglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids blends alone and in combination with plant bioactives.
Article in Poultry science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE), a multifactorial disease caused by Clostridium perfringens, poses a significant challenge to the broiler industry. Antibiotic alternative feed additives, such as eubiotic compounds (ECs) including short- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFA, MCFA) and plant bioactives (PB), offer gut health benefits and prevent enteric infections. This study evaluated three EC blends: MCFA monoglycerides blend (C8-C10 enriched monoglycerides blend), SCMCFA monoglyceride blend (C1-C10 monoglycerides blend), and SCMCFA-PB blend (C1-C12 monoglycerides blend enriched in C12 with plant bioactives) for their immunomodulatory and anti-C. perfringens activity using an in-vitro chicken macrophage (MQ-NCSU cell line) model. Macrophage responses were evaluated by quantifying pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokine gene expression at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-treatment, along with nitric oxide (NO) production at 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using C. perfringens growth inhibition assays (disk diffusion and co-culture). The MCFA blend induced an early upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (6 h) (P < 0.05), followed by a transition toward an immunomodulatory profile. In contrast, SCMCFA and SCMCFA-PB blends elicited a predominantly immunomodulatory response throughout the post-treatment, characterized by reduced IL-1β and IFN-γ and increased IL-10 and TGF-β expression (P < 0.05). Additionally, SCMCFA-PB blend treatment enhanced NO production in macrophages (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MCFA-enriched monoglycerides blend and SCMCFA-PB blend demonstrated increased inhibition of C. perfringens growth (P < 0.05), whereas SCMCFA monoglycerides blend showed limited antibacterial activity in-vitro. These findings indicate that MCFA-enriched monoglycerides blend alone, or in combination with SCFA monoglycerides blend and PB, can synergistically modulate inflammatory responses and improve antimicrobial efficacy, highlighting the potential for targeted, non-antibiotic feed strategies to reduce NE incidence in poultry.
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