Mapping the existence and content of heading coaching documents across FIFA members associations.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests head injury risk in football may be reduced through improved heading technique, yet it remains unclear whether heading is included within national coaching curricula or other endorsed coaching documents. This study investigated the existence, and content of heading coaching curricula/documents across FIFA Member Associations (MA). Methods: A qualitative document analysis was performed. Pertinent documents were collected by: 1) a survey completed by representatives from each MA outlining the existence of any coaching documents that included heading, 2) a review of each MA website, and 3) a web-browser search. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis. Results: From 211 MAs, 71 unique survey responses were received. Thirteen MAs (18.3%) reported having heading coaching material, of which seven provided relevant documents. Website review and browser searches identified six additional documents, yielding 13 documents with specific heading guidance. Six common categories were identified within coaching documents 1) age at which heading training is introduced, 2) use of soft/light balls during heading training, 3) heading technique tips/instruction, 4) neck exercises, 5) heading drills, and 6) coordination of body in space. However, substantial differences existed in level of detail and instruction provided. Conclusions: The public availability of MAs coaching documents is limited. Where heading coaching material exists, it lacks sufficient depth for clubs to integrate independently. An important gap exists for a standardised approach to heading skill development that is co-created with coaches and players.