ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Molecular characterization of β-lactamase genes and porin alterations in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates from Calabria, Southern Italy.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative bacteria represents a major global public health challenge, severely limiting therapeutic options and increasing morbidity and mortality. In particular, the widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales and the emergence of carbapenem-resistant organisms are critical concerns in both hospital and community settings. In Italy, particularly in southern regions, high rates of multidrug-resistant pathogens have been reported. METHODS AND
resultsA total of 145 non-duplicate Gram-negative isolates were collected from hospitalized patients in Calabria, Southern Italy, and analyzed by standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing and endpoint PCR for detection of carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaOXA-48) and ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M). Carbapenem resistance was observed in 60.7% of isolates, predominantly in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Carbapenemase genes were detected in 84.1% of resistant isolates, with blaVIM being the most prevalent (53.4%), followed by blaKPC (34.1%), blaNDM (28.4%), and blaOXA-48 (14.8%); multiple genes were identified in 21.6% of cases. Among carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales, 81.3% were phenotypically ESBL producers. Genotypic analysis showed predominance of blaCTX-M (45.8%), followed by blaTEM (29.2%) and blaSHV (16.7%). Discrepancies between phenotypic and genotypic ESBL detection were observed. Also, sequence analysis of ompK35 and ompK36 in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates revealed mutations and structural alterations potentially associated with reduced outer membrane permeability.
conclusionsThis study documents the circulation of carbapenemase and ESBL determinants among Gram-negative clinical isolates in Southern Italy, highlighting the complexity of β-lactam resistance mechanisms. These findings reinforce the importance of integrating molecular surveillance with antimicrobial stewardship and infection control strategies to monitor the dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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