ReviewFrontiers in epidemiology2026
Clinical review of Toscana virus: a Mediterranean Neuroinvasive Phlebovirus.
Review in Frontiers in epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toscana virus (TOSV) is a sandfly-transmitted phlebovirus of the family Phenuiviridae and a leading cause of summer meningitis and meningoencephalitis in the Mediterranean basin. It was first isolated in 1971 from Phlebotomus perniciosus in central Italy and circulates wherever its principal vectors are established. Seroprevalence surveys show that population exposure is common, whereas overt disease is comparatively infrequent. Among patients who become symptomatic, most present with neuroinvasive illness, which separates TOSV from related sandfly-borne phleboviruses that cause undifferentiated febrile disease. This review covers virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, vector biology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of TOSV infection, and it keeps a clear separation between established clinical knowledge and experimental research. The practical message has not changed in a decade: management is supportive, no licensed antiviral or vaccine exists, and the agents that attract research interest, including repurposed nucleoside analogues, venom-derived peptides, RNA-interference strategies, and candidate vaccines, remain preclinical. Given warmer Mediterranean summers and a documented rise in recognised cases, the most useful priorities are better clinician awareness, wider access to TOSV-specific molecular testing, and integrated human and entomological surveillance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.