Observational studyFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026
Tracheobronchial invasion by nontuberculous mycobacteria: a rare but overlooked clinical manifestation-a multicenter retrospective analysis.
Observational study in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07377864 (Clinical Characteristics and Immune Escape Mechanism of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in South China), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Clinical Characteristics and Immune Escape Mechanism of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in South China
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can disseminate and infect various organs throughout the body. However, whether NTM can infect tracheobronchial tissue is rarely reported. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap regarding the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of patients with tracheobronchial NTM infection. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, clinical, demographic, microbiological, and radiological data from hospitalized patients with tracheobronchial NTM infections from January 2015 to May 2025 were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: Twenty-nine patients (2.3%) were included, and all the patients presented with disseminated NTM infection. Seventeen patients had comorbidities, including 5 with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and 1 with anti-interferon-γ autoantibody syndrome. Median diagnostic delay was 130 days, and 89.7% of the patients were initially misdiagnosed with tuberculosis or malignancy. The most common symptoms were cough, expectoration, anemia, fever, weight loss, skin lesions, and bone pain. Chest CT revealed nodules, patchy opacities, mass-like shadows, and bronchial stenosis, with or without hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy, whereas osteolytic bone destruction was evident in 11 patients. The most common features of bronchoscopy were intraluminal masses/neoplasms/nodules. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of BALF (n=12) demonstrated 100% positivity, outperforming BALF culture (46.2%, 12/26) and sputum culture (39.3%, 11/28). Conclusions: Tracheobronchial NTM infection is rare but clinically significant, often occurring in the context of disseminated disease with pulmonary involvement. Immunocompromised hosts, particularly those with AIDS or anti-IFN-γ autoantibody syndrome, are highly susceptible. Bronchoscopy typically reveals mass lesions causing luminal stenosis or occlusion. In this cohort, Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT07377864.
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