Influence of biological sex and training history on force production and its variability in humans.

Edoardo Lecce, Paolo Amoruso, Fiorella Martire, Alessandro Scotto di Palumbo, Massimo Sacchetti, Ilenia Bazzucchi

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Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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6 authors.

Edoardo LecceLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Paolo AmorusoLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Fiorella MartireLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Alessandro Scotto di PalumboLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Massimo SacchettiLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Ilenia BazzucchiLaboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Maximal and rapid force production represent the principal metrics of neuromuscular performance, yet both show substantial inter-individual and day-to-day variability. Biological sex and training history are known to considerably affect the absolute magnitude of these measures; however, their influence on variability is unclear. Methods: To address this gap, we examined twenty-two young adults (12 males, 10 females), balanced for strength-trained (ST) and recreationally active (RA) status, who performed maximal ballistic isometric elbow-flexion trials in two sessions separated by 48-72 h. We assessed Results: Both sex and training history significantly affected absolute MVF, RFD, and impulse ( Discussion: Because MFCV

Indexed as

ballistic contractionsconduction velocityEMGmuscle forceRFDsex differencesstrength

Identifiers

PMID42516253

DOI10.3389/fphys.2026.1783010

PMCPMC13402139

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