Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42515577›Full record

ArticleViruses2026

Genetic and Epidemiological Evidence of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Detection Among Poultry in Ghana, 2022.

Stephen Ofori Nyarko, Lorreta Kwasah, Linda Boatemaa, Nana Afia Asante Ntim, Mildred Adusei-Poku, Gifty Mawuli Sarpong, Vanessa Magnusen, Jennifer Wutsika, Samuel Ago, Esinam Aku Apefa Amenuvor and 18 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Avian influenza overview June-August 2026.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Stephen Ofori NyarkoNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Lorreta KwasahNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0000-4017-6519
Linda BoatemaaNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Nana Afia Asante NtimNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0002-1038-0014
Mildred Adusei-PokuDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra P. O. Box LG 25, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0002-0065-5926
Gifty Mawuli SarpongNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Vanessa MagnusenNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Jennifer WutsikaNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0007-3686-5849
Samuel AgoNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0007-9114-6281
Esinam Aku Apefa AmenuvorNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0001-7174-4248
Juliet WorduiNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Ama Nyansema Sekyi-YorkeNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Cecilia TakyiNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0009-7156-9492
Roberta TackieNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0009-9128-2034
Innocent Kwao DokuNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Joseph Asuam NyarkoNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Joseph Ahia QuarcooNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Grace Arezie KyiireNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Theophilus OdoomVeterinary Services Directorate, Accra P. O. Box M 161, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0002-7092-7237
Fenteng DansoVeterinary Services Directorate, Accra P. O. Box M 161, Ghana.
William AsieduPublic Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Accra P. O. Box BC 254, Ghana.
Daniel Lartei MinglePublic Health Division, 37 Military Hospital, Accra P. O. Box BC 254, Ghana.
Naiki AttramUnited States Naval Medical Research Unit-EURAFCENT, Ghana Detachment, 24 Fourth Circular Road, Cantonment, Accra P. O. Box GP 2288, Ghana.
Shirley Cameron Nimo-PaintsilUnited States Naval Medical Research Unit-EURAFCENT, Ghana Detachment, 24 Fourth Circular Road, Cantonment, Accra P. O. Box GP 2288, Ghana.
Sanders TerrelUnited States Naval Medical Research Unit-EURAFCENT, Ghana Detachment, 24 Fourth Circular Road, Cantonment, Accra P. O. Box GP 2288, Ghana.
Hugo Miranda QuijadaUnited States Naval Medical Research Unit-EURAFCENT, Ghana Detachment, 24 Fourth Circular Road, Cantonment, Accra P. O. Box GP 2288, Ghana.
William Kwabena AmpofoNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.
Ivy Asantewaa AsanteNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P. O. Box LG 581, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0003-4077-3190

Funding

Global Emerging Infections Surveillance P0185_21_N3; P0183_22_N3
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses continue to pose significant zoonotic and pandemic threat globally, with low-pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) being of particular concern due to sustained circulation in poultry, adaptability, and repeated human spillover. This study investigated the detection and genetic characterization of influenza viruses at the animal-human interface in Ghana in 2022, using a nationwide cross-sectional One Health approach. Samples were collected from poultry, pigs, the environment, and animal handlers across backyard farms, commercial farms, and live bird markets. Laboratory testing was conducted using real-time RT-PCR, while statistical associations were assessed using chi-square and logistic regression. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on selected positive samples. Out of 4056 samples, 1516 were poultry samples. A(H9N2) was detected exclusively in poultry, with a prevalence of 5.67%. The Northern belt recorded the highest prevalence. Live bird markets had significantly higher odds of A(H9N2) detection compared with commercial farms (odds ratio: 15.37,

Indexed as

Influenza A Virus, H9N2 SubtypeInfluenza in BirdsPoultryPoultry DiseasesAnimalsChickensCross-Sectional StudiesGhanaHumansPhylogenyPrevalenceSwineAH9avian influenzaGhanapoultryprevalence

Identifiers

PMID42515577
PMCPMC13431622

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.