ArticleToxics2026
Large-Scale Forensic Surveillance of Seized E-Liquids Reveals an Emerging Etomidate-Analog-Centered Vaping Trend in Eastern Taiwan.
Article in Toxics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The growing use of e-cigarettes as vehicles for illicit drug delivery has created an urgent challenge for forensic surveillance and public health in East Asia. This study analyzed 496 e-liquid samples seized by law-enforcement agencies in Eastern Taiwan (January-July 2025) using a full-scan GC-MS workflow validated in accordance with ANSI/ASB forensic toxicology standards. Overall, 80.8% of samples (n = 401) tested positive for psychoactive substances, with 35.4% (n = 142) containing polydrug mixtures. Etomidate dominated detections (87.0% of positive cases), followed by isopropoxate (25.4%), ketamine (9.7%), metomidate (8.5%), propoxate (7.2%), and methamphetamine (7.2%); cannabinoids (Δ
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