ArticleToxics2026
Neurobehavioral and Molecular Alterations Following Single and Combined Exposure to Chlorpyrifos and PFHxS in Developing Zebrafish (
Article in Toxics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) frequently detected in aquatic environments, while chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Although their individual toxicity is well described, their combined effects remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of CPF (0.7 to 700 µg/L), alone or in combination with PFHxS (10 µg/L), in zebrafish embryos. Survival, hatching, malformations, locomotor activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and gene expression were assessed after five days of exposure. CPF reduced survival in a concentration-dependent manner, with moderate enhancement under co-exposure, while hatching success was unaffected. Deformities increased with CPF concentration, which remained consistent with PFHxS co-exposure, suggesting toxicity was mediated by CPF. Locomotor activity was largely decreased in a concentration- and phase-dependent manner. No significant changes were observed in ROS levels or apoptosis. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of neurotoxicity-related markers (
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