ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Risk Factors and Vaccination Dose Associated with COVID-19 Mortality: A Population-Based Study in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vaccination remains an effective intervention for reducing coronavirus disease 2019-related deaths, while the population-level evidence regarding the association between vaccination dose and mortality remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between vaccination status, independent risk factors, and COVID-19 mortality, using population-based surveillance data from Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using 698,537 confirmed cases from Gyeongsangbuk-do, between January 2021 and June 2022, including 1008 deaths. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Additional analyses were conducted among adults aged ≥ 65 years. The overall case fatality rate was 0.14%, increasing to 0.88% among older adults. Older age (≥65 years; OR = 87.262, 95% CI: 67.265-114.472) and underlying disease (OR = 20.394, 95% CI: 17.136-24.270) were strongly associated with mortality. After adjustment for sex, age, and underlying disease, unvaccinated individuals had substantially higher odds of death than vaccinated individuals (aOR = 7.897, 95% CI: 6.903-9.034). Booster vaccination (≥3 doses) was associated with markedly reduced mortality in both the overall population (aOR = 0.094, 95% CI: 0.081-0.109) and older adults (aOR = 0.119, 95% CI: 0.102-0.139). Advanced age, underlying diseases, and lack of vaccination were significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality during the mass vaccination period. These findings support continued efforts to improve booster vaccination coverage among older adults and individuals with underlying diseases.
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