Ammonium Polyphosphate: Modification Strategies and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Applications.

Yina Liu, Rongjie Yang, Zhaolu Qin, Wenchao Zhang, Dinghua Li

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Yina LiuNational Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Rongjie YangNational Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Zhaolu QinNational Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Wenchao ZhangNational Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Dinghua LiNational Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is widely used in intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) systems because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, and high flame-retardant efficiency. However, its practical applications are limited by high hygroscopicity, poor compatibility with organic substrates, and the high loading required in single-component systems. To address these limitations, extensive studies have been conducted on APP modification and synergistic flame-retardant systems. This review systematically summarizes the modification strategies and flame-retardant mechanisms of APP. The synergistic flame-retardant effects and mechanisms of APP combined with silicon-, boron-, and metal-containing compounds are also discussed. In addition, the effects on the flame-retardant performance of different structural characteristics, such as nanostructures, layered structures, and ring structures, are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of APP-based flame-retardant systems are highlighted. This review provides useful guidance for the design, optimization, and practical application of advanced APP-based intumescent flame-retardant materials.

Indexed as

ammonium polyphosphateflame-retardant mechanismsintumescent flame retardantmodificationsynergistic flame retardancy

Identifiers

PMID42514837

DOI10.3390/polym18141786

PMCPMC13417954

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.