ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Study of Three-Phase Flow Field Characteristics in a Multi-Stage Friction-Shear Cavitating Waterjet for Flake Graphite Liberation.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Flake graphite is a natural non-metallic material with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and good lubricity. This study proposed a multi-stage friction-shear cavitating waterjet method to enhance the liberation of flake graphite from gangue minerals. A corresponding nozzle was designed and fabricated by integrating liquid-solid two-phase transport, grinding kinetics, profile-based design, and similarity design. Fluent simulations were conducted with the Eulerian multiphase model to analyze the water-vapor-flake graphite three-phase flow field at different inlet pressures, focusing on vapor volume fraction, water phase flow, and flake graphite particle phase behavior. A distinct cavitation region appeared in the outlet diverging section, mainly near the wall. At inlet pressures of 25 MPa and above, the maximum vapor volume fraction was maintained above 99%, suggesting strong cavitation-inducing capability. Jet liberation experiments showed that the fixed carbon content increased from 49.11% in the feed sample to 78.77% in the waterjet-treated flotation concentrate, while D90 decreased from 121.36 to 103.33 μm and the average particle size decreased from 62.78 to 55.02 μm. These results indicate that multi-stage friction-shear cavitating waterjet treatment facilitates the liberation of flake graphite from gangue minerals, thereby improving the fixed carbon content of the flake graphite concentrate.
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