ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2026
Utilizing the
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHispanic populations in the United States experienced disproportionate health and economic impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed relationships between social determinants of health (SDOH) and COVID-19-related health and economic outcomes among Hispanic and non-Hispanic participants in the
methodsDescriptive analyses and logistic regression models explored associations between all variables. Iterative proportional fitting (raking) was used to align survey samples with known population margins.
resultsHispanics reported worse outcomes across all COVID-19-related variables: lower vaccination rates and higher rates of COVID-19 symptoms and experiencing hardships due to COVID-19. Final post-raking models found Hispanics had greater odds of experiencing hardships (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.55, 2.11) especially among those reporting COVID-19 symptoms (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.51, 3.97). The final model identified increased rates of COVID-19 vaccination among Hispanics when controlling for gender, age, and SDOH (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.09, 1.37) than have been reported nationally during the examined time period for Hispanics.
conclusionsUptake of COVID-19 vaccination and disproportionate negative health, economic, and social impacts of COVID-19 experienced by Hispanic communities were driven by SDOH. Findings underscore the need for targeted efforts to address SDOH to achieve the best health outcomes for all.
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