ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Engineering Biomimetic 3D Microenvironments for Extracellular Vesicle Programming Toward Clinical Translation.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The cell secretome includes extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that carry diverse bioactive cargos, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As key mediators of paracrine signaling, EVs reflect the molecular and functional characteristics of their parent cells and play critical roles in regulating tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Growing evidence supports their therapeutic potential across a wide range of diseases. However, the clinical translation of EV-based therapies remains limited by challenges related to yield, purity, targeting specificity, and functional consistency. Recent advances in biomimetic culture systems-particularly three-dimensional (3D) platforms that recapitulate features of the native extracellular matrix microenvironment-have demonstrated a strong influence on cell phenotype, secretory activity, and EV composition. This review highlights how biochemical and mechanical cues within 3D culture systems regulate EV biogenesis, cargo loading, and functional outcomes and discusses their implications for improving the scalability, efficacy, and clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.