Comparing Farm Animal Transport Welfare Legislation in Brazil and Germany/EU.

Animal transport connects farms with slaughterhouses, breeding units and production sites, but remains one of the most debated animal welfare issues of recent decades. These debates also touch on the EU-Mercosur agreement in the areas of agribusiness and animal farming. The aim of this article is to examine the legislation of Brazil and Germany and the European Union (EU) regarding animal transport, using specific examples to identify differences and similarities that may form the basis for joint discussions on this area of animal welfare. The EU Transport Regulation for the Protection of Farm Animals applies in all EU member states (Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005). In Germany, the Animal Welfare Transport Ordinance transposes EU law into national law. The transport times depend on vehicle type and equipment and vary according to the animal species to be transported. The basic maximum travel time is 8 h for commercial transport and distances longer than 65 km. In Brazil, there exists a wide range of laws, regulations, decrees and guidelines governing the protection of animals during transport in the different Brazilian states, mostly coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAPA). Allowed transport times in Brazil vary largely from 4 to 12 h between single state regulations and are less regulated in detail. Maximum Transport durations can be repeated several times after appropriate stops for animal feeding and watering. Similarly to Germany/EU, only animals "fit for travel" are allowed to be transported and the responsibility for the transported animals ends once the last animal has been unloaded at its place of destination. Temperatures in Germany/EU are generally moderate, whereas Brazil and South America have tropical and subtropical climates. Furthermore, the distances between farms and abattoirs in Brazil are generally greater, and transport vehicles often have to travel on unpaved (gravel) roads, e.g., to reach the farms. The key to animal-friendly transport lies in loading healthy, "transport-fit" animals on suitable vehicles with sufficient space and necessary equipment, and licensed and committed drivers. This has to be supported by appropriate legal provisions. Animal welfare laws in both Brazil and Germany/EU aim to ensure the best possible welfare of animals during transit under the given circumstances of transport, in order to prevent pain, suffering and injury. This shared commitment to animal welfare provides a substantiated basis for mutual understanding and cooperation in livestock farming, which may prove helpful in the discussions on the agricultural chapter of the EU-Mercosur Agreement.