Loose and Pelleted Natural Litter: Effects of Composition and Formulation on Litter Quality and Broiler Footpad Health.

Litter quality is a key factor influencing broiler welfare, particularly footpad health, yet the effects of loose versus pelleted natural litter formulations are not fully understood. This study assessed the impact of six treatments, composed of wheat straw, wood shavings, and peat in loose or pelleted forms, on litter moisture, pH, and footpad lesions during a 42-day fattening period. Litter condition was monitored weekly through scoring, moisture content, and pH measurements, while footpad integrity was assessed on a weekly basis throughout the fattening period. Loose litter exhibited higher moisture accumulation, greater pH variability, and earlier onset and more severe footpad lesions compared to all pelleted materials as well as wood shavings, which maintained more stable conditions and delayed lesion development. The initial physical properties and formulation of the litter materials contributed to these differences, with coarser textures potentially contributing increased mechanical stress on the footpads. Litter pH values converged and stabilized toward the end of the production cycle across all treatments. These results demonstrate that both litter composition and form significantly influence litter conditioning and broiler welfare. Careful selection and management of natural litter, with attention to moisture retention and pH stability, are essential to reduce footpad dermatitis and support optimal performance in intensive broiler production.