Gene-Edited Stem Cells for Ischemic Vascular Disease: Current Advances and Future Perspectives.

Ischemic vascular diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are frequently associated with irreversible tissue damage. Although stem cell-based therapies have shown promise for vascular regeneration, their clinical translation has been limited by poor survival, insufficient engraftment, functional heterogeneity, and immune rejection. Recent advances in genome-editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9, base editing, and prime editing, have provided powerful tools for overcoming these limitations through precise genetic modification of stem cells. Gene editing can enhance angiogenic potential, improve resistance to ischemic stress, augment paracrine activity, promote endothelial maturation, and reduce immunogenicity. In this review, we outline the current genome-editing toolbox and its application to stem cell engineering for vascular regeneration in ischemic disease. We also examine emerging therapeutic concepts, universal donor cell platforms, and key issues in safety and ethics, with a focus on translational pathways. Taken together, advances at the interface of genome editing and stem cell biology are likely to accelerate the development of regenerative therapies that deliver more durable vascular repair in ischemic vascular disease.