ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
AI-Guided Home-Based Therapy for Convergence Insufficiency: A Comparative Feasibility Study with Pencil Push-Ups.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundConvergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder that causes eye strain, headaches, and blurriness. Although pencil push-ups (PPU) are widely used to treat CI, their real-world effectiveness may be limited by inconsistent performance and poor adherence. MobileS (the App) is an AI-based smartphone application that tracks eye movements through the front camera, enabling guided "digital push-ups" with instant visual feedback and automatic performance monitoring. This follow-up study evaluated the feasibility, recorded adherence, and preliminary clinical signals of MobileS as a home-based therapy for CI compared with conventional PPU.
methodsTwenty-five participants with CI were randomly assigned to either the App group (
resultsAll 25 randomized participants completed all three NPC assessment points. The App group showed a statistically significant improvement in NPC from baseline to study completion (mean improvement = 2.81 cm,
conclusionsMobileS appears feasible as a home-based CI management tool, and was associated with higher recorded adherence and preliminary NPC improvement signals. Larger, adequately powered studies are needed to confirm efficacy, particularly for symptoms, and guide teleophthalmology implementation.
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