ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Efficacy and Safety of Nitrous Oxide and Midazolam Sedation Protocols in Pediatric Dentistry: A Multicenter Clinical Retrospective Study.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimThis two-center retrospective observational study evaluated whether outpatient conscious sedation protocols based on titrated nitrous oxide/oxygen, midazolam, or their combination enabled complex dental and minor oral surgical procedures to be completed in uncooperative pediatric and special needs patients, without escalation to deep intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. MATERIALS AND
methodsForty pediatric and special needs patients treated at the Conscious Sedation Units of Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (Milan, Italy) and Policlinico of Bari (Bari, Italy) were included. Overall, 60 complex dental or minor oral surgical procedures were performed. Procedures were classified according to the sedation protocol administered: Protocol A, nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation alone; Protocol B, midazolam alone; and Protocol C, combined midazolam and nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation. Vital signs were monitored before, during, and after treatment. The primary outcome was successful procedural completion, defined as completion of the planned procedure without premature termination, escalation to deep intravenous sedation or general anesthesia, or the need for unplanned airway or emergency medical intervention.
resultsForty patients underwent 60 procedures. The mean age was 8.7 ± 2.3 years (range, 4-14 years). Protocol A was used in 24 procedures (40%), Protocol B in 6 procedures (10%), and Protocol C in 30 procedures (50%). All procedures were completed successfully, with no conversion to general anesthesia, no airway crises, and no medical emergencies. Transient elevations in heart rate and blood pressure during local anesthesia occurred in 11/60 procedures (18.3%), and mild self-limiting nausea or fatigue occurred in 5/60 procedures (8.3%).
conclusionsThe evaluated protocols were associated with successful procedural completion and few recorded adverse events in this selected cohort. Combined behavioral and pharmacological management was associated with completion of the planned procedures without conversion to deep intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Comparative studies are required to determine whether these protocols reduce general-anesthesia utilization.
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