ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026
Digestion-resistant proteins support the healthy metabolite profiles associated with plant-based diets.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Plant-based diets are associated with both positive health outcomes and a diverse gut microbiome. Such diets alter the microbiome's metabolic outputs, including increasing phenylalanine-derived phenols associated with beneficial health outcomes (hippuric acid and 3-phenylpropionate), while decreasing tyrosine-derived phenols considered uremic toxins (phenol sulfate and p-cresol sulfate). The mechanisms linking plant eating to these phenol metabolites are not known. Plant-based foods are fiber and phytochemical rich. They also contain proteins that are resistant to host digestion and thus reach the gut microbiome. Here, we show that fiber and digestion-resistant protein work in concert to shift the phenol profile by altering gut microbiome nutrient supply. Through isotope-tracing studies, we reveal that host secreted proteins are a source for phenol sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, while digestion-resistant dietary protein is the source for hippuric acid and 3-phenylpropionate. Fiber decreases bacterial digestion of host secreted proteins (e.g., mucins) and thus suppresses tyrosine-derived phenol sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, whose levels correlate with the mucin-digesting bacterial family
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