Trial reportJAMA network open2026
World Health Organization Multimodal Improvement Strategy for Hand Hygiene: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial.
Trial report in JAMA network open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: Evidence on hand hygiene promotion in resource-limited settings remains sparse, and its generalizability and long-term sustainability are poorly understood. Previous studies have predominantly relied on single-center, short-duration, before-and-after interventional designs. Objective: To assess the long-term impact of the World Health Organization (WHO) multimodal improvement strategy (MMIS) supported by locally manufactured alcohol-based handrub (ABHR) on hand hygiene performance across multiple health care facilities in Uganda. Design, Setting, and Participants: This stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial was conducted at 8 health care facilities across 4 districts in eastern Uganda from November 1, 2020, to July 31, 2024 (45 months). Participants included all health care workers at the participating sites. Intervention: Following a baseline phase of 12 to 21 months, the WHO MMIS combined with locally manufactured ABHR was sequentially introduced in each district at 3-month intervals and implemented for 12 to 21 months (ie, the intervention phase), followed by a 12-month follow-up period without additional intervention. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was hand hygiene adherence among health care workers. Secondary outcomes included scores on the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework (HHSAF) and the Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF). Results: A total of 27 895 hand hygiene opportunities were observed. Hand hygiene adherence increased from 22.1% (95% CI, 11.4%-32.8%) at baseline to 79.2% (95% CI, 67.2%-91.2%; P < .001) during the intervention phase and remained high at 72.7% (95% CI, 57.8%-87.6%; P < .001) during follow-up. Median HHSAF scores improved significantly from 145.00 (IQR, 52.50-202.50) at baseline to 383.75 (IQR, 367.50-417.50 [P = .008]) during the intervention phase and 366.25 (IQR, 316.25-380.00 [P = .008]) during follow-up. Median IPCAF scores followed a similar pattern, from 335.00 (IQR, 235.00-520.25) at baseline to 657.50 (IQR, 648.75-705.00) (P = .008) during the intervention phase and 676.25 (IQR, 656.25-705.00) (P = .008) during follow-up. ABHR accounted for more than 99% of observed hand hygiene actions during the intervention and follow-up phases. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study of hand hygiene promotion in eastern Uganda, the WHO MMIS supported by locally produced ABHR led to substantial and sustained improvements in hand hygiene adherence. This stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial provides robust evidence supporting the scalability of this approach at regional and national levels in resource-limited settings. Trial Registration: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Identifier: UMIN000039483.
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