ArticleActa parasitologica2026
Phenotypic Resistance to Public Health Insecticides in Field Populations of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), from Kwara State, Nigeria.
Article in Acta parasitologica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThe global resurgence of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is driven by widespread insecticide resistance. In sub-Saharan Africa, intensive use of pyrethroids for malaria vector control may exert collateral selection pressure on bed bug populations. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic susceptibility of Nigerian C. lectularius populations to four major classes of public health insecticides and to evaluate community knowledge and practices regarding bed bug infestations.
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in five Local Government Areas of Kwara Central District, Nigeria, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Bed bugs collected from infested dwellings were exposed to WHO insecticide-impregnated papers at diagnostic concentrations for malaria vectors: deltamethrin (0.05%), pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%), DDT (4%), and propoxur (0.1%). Knockdown was recorded over 60 min, and mortality after 24 h. Repellency was assessed using a two-choice test for two populations.
resultsSurvey data revealed low public awareness, with 38.4% of respondents unaware of infestation causes. All five field populations exhibited resistance to all four insecticide classes, with 24-h mortality rates (0-70%) well below the WHO 90% susceptibility threshold. Pirimiphos-methyl was the most toxic insecticide, achieving the highest mortality (50-70%) in four populations. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed severely delayed knockdown, with median knockdown times (KDT₅₀) exceeding 60 min for most insecticide-population combinations. Propoxur showed the strongest repellent effect (up to 73.3%).
conclusionThis study provides the first evidence of widespread phenotypic resistance to multiple public health insecticide classes in Nigerian C. lectularius populations. The high-level resistance to pyrethroids and DDT raises concerns about the potential collateral impacts of sustained insecticide pressure from malaria vector control on urban pest populations. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated pest management and routine resistance monitoring in malaria-endemic regions.
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