ArticleThe Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association2026
Maternal Smoking and Preterm Birth Among Infants With Orofacial Clefts.
Article in The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations between maternal cigarette smoking and preterm birth (PTB) among infants with orofacial clefts (OFCs).DesignPopulation-based retrospective cohort study.SettingUsing data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS, 1997-2011 deliveries) and the Birth Defects Study To Evaluate Pregnancy exposureS (2014-2021 deliveries), we evaluated the association between maternal smoking and PTB (<37 weeks) among liveborn infants with cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL±P), cleft palate only (CP), or any OFC.ParticipantsIn total, 5618 liveborn infants with OFCs (3699 CL±P and 1919 CP).Main Outcome Measure(s)Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Poisson regression, adjusted for covariates. For each OFC group, smoking (any vs none) was evaluated during 5 pregnancy timepoints (eg, first trimester). Analyses were repeated for smoking intensity (none, 1-14, ≥15 cigarettes/day) (NBDPS only). Any smoking and smoking intensity were also evaluated for extremely-to-very (<32 weeks) and moderate-to-late preterm (32 to <37 weeks).ResultsAmong infants with OFCs, 14.5% were born preterm. Heavy smoking (≥15 cigarettes/day vs none) in the second trimester was associated with PTB among infants with CP (aRR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.03-3.45) and extremely-to-very PTB among infants with any OFC (aRR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.47-7.73). Associations were generally stronger for CP than for CL±P, though imprecise.ConclusionsHeavy smoking during the second trimester may increase the risk of extremely-to-very PTB in infants with OFCs and PTB among infants with CP, further supporting the importance of promoting maternal smoking cessation or reduction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.