ArticleSports (Basel, Switzerland)2026
On-Ice and Off-Ice Linear Sprint Performance Across Competitive Levels in Ice Hockey Players: Insights from Continuous Velocity Profiling.
Article in Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Linear speed is a key performance determinant in ice hockey, yet no studies have compared continuous on-ice and off-ice velocity profiles across multiple competitive levels. This study examined continuous velocity curves and discrete sprint variables during 20 m on-ice (skating) and off-ice (running) sprints across three competitive levels. Sixty male ice hockey players (A-Team n = 20, U20A n = 20, U20B n = 20) completed maximal 20 m sprints in both conditions using a motorized resistance device. Bayesian analyses were used to evaluate continuous velocity profiles and discrete variables. Posterior estimates consistently favored greater off-ice velocity profiles than on-ice velocity profiles across all groups, particularly during the early portion of the sprint (P(diff) ~85%), although the practical meaningfulness of these differences remained uncertain. Discrete sprint variables showed stronger and more consistent practically meaningful differences (P(diff > SWC) = 66-99%). Between-group comparisons suggested a competitive hierarchy, with posterior estimates favoring greater velocity values in adults than lower competitive-level late adolescents (P(diff) ~87%). Practitioners should consider potential differences between on-ice and off-ice sprint performance and hierarchical trends across competitive levels when structuring training and assessment. Continuous velocity profiling may provide additional insight into velocity-development patterns, whereas discrete metrics may be more appropriate for routine team-level monitoring.
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